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Chemical composition of the essential oil of mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.) leaves grown in Croatia and collected at different phenological stages

Pistacia lentiscus L. (mastic tree) is a dense bush of the Anarcadiaceae family mainly found in the Mediterranean region flora, with a strong characteristic aromatic odour and green leaves. The aerial parts of P. lentiscus have been traditionally used in the treatment of hypertension, gastrointestinal and urinary disorders, while their essential oil possesses an antifungal, antibacterial and antimicrobial properties and it is, more recently, used in food (as a flavouring agent), pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The chemical composition of essential oils is a very important quality criterion for their marketing and it contributes to their valorisation. However, chemical composition of the essential oil can be severely affected by the climatic and geographic conditions as well as plant development phase. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of essential oil of P. lentiscus leaves grown in Lun (Croatia) and collected at three phenological stages (flowering stage in May, early fruiting in August and late fruiting stage in October). The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-MS. All analysed essential oil samples were dominated by monoterpenes (56.99 - 67.32%), followed by sesquiterpenes (14.13 – 23.83%) and monoterpene alcohols (5.93 - 9.21%). The major monoterpene constituents were ⍺-pinene, sabinene, limonene/β-phellandrene, α- and γ-terpinene. The germacrene D, δ-cadinene and β-caryophyllene were present as major sesquiterpenes and terpinen-4-ol was determined as the major monoterpene alcohol. Based on the statistical analysis, chemical composition of the essential oil of P. lentiscus leaves was significantly affected by phenological stage. The highest concentrations of monoterpenes and their alcohols were present in essential oil obtained from leaves collected in early fruiting stage, while essential oil produced from the samples at flowering stage was characterized with the highest presence of sesquiterpenes, respectively. Moreover, the concentrations of sesquiterpenes decreased with the senescence of leaves.Pistacia lentiscus L. (mastic tree) is a dense bush of the Anarcadiaceae family mainly found in the Mediterranean region flora, with a strong characteristic aromatic odour and green leaves. The aerial parts of P. lentiscus have been traditionally used in the treatment of hypertension, gastrointestinal and urinary disorders, while their essential oil possesses an antifungal, antibacterial and antimicrobial properties and it is, more recently, used in food (as a flavouring agent), pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The chemical composition of essential oils is a very important quality criterion for their marketing and it contributes to their valorisation. However, chemical composition of the essential oil can be severely affected by the climatic and geographic conditions as well as plant development phase. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of essential oil of P. lentiscus leaves grown in Lun (Croatia) and collected at three phenological stages (flowering stage in May, early fruiting in August and late fruiting stage in October). The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-MS. All analysed essential oil samples were dominated by monoterpenes (56.99 - 67.32%), followed by sesquiterpenes (14.13 – 23.83%) and monoterpene alcohols (5.93 - 9.21%). The major monoterpene constituents were ⍺-pinene, sabinene, limonene/β-phellandrene, α- and γ-terpinene. The germacrene D, δ-cadinene and β-caryophyllene were present as major sesquiterpenes and terpinen-4-ol was determined as the major monoterpene alcohol. Based on the statistical analysis, chemical composition of the essential oil of P. lentiscus leaves was significantly affected by phenological stage. The highest concentrations of monoterpenes and their alcohols were present in essential oil obtained from leaves collected in early fruiting stage, while essential oil produced from the samples at flowering stage was characterized with the highest presence of sesquiterpenes, respectively. Moreover, the concentrations of sesquiterpenes decreased with the senescence of leaves.

Pistacia lentiscus L. leaves ; essential oil composition ; phenological stage ; terpenes

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