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Ultrasound diagnosis of macrosomia among women with gestational diabetes – review of the literature

Pregnancies burdened with gestational diabetes (GDM) are more likely to end in the birth of a macrosomic child, where the frequency of operative termination of pregnancy is more frequent, accompanied with more complications and injuries of both, mother and child, in comparison to the general population. The need to calculate fetal weight right before delivery has led to the development of numerous methods for the purpose of greater estimation accuracy. We reviewed the literature related from 1980 to 2020, using the terms macrosomia, ultrasound assessment, gestational diabetes, and we used relevant articles in the preparation of this article. The most used methods are based on two-dimensional ultrasound measurements of individual fetal biometric parameters and their combination in a mathematical regression model. Some methods involved the addition of other mother and child conditions to increase the reliability of the method in recognizing macrosomia. In daily work, especially with pregnant women suffering from GDM, it is necessary to have reliable data on the estimated fetal weight before making the correct clinical decision on how to terminate the pregnancy. In this regard, we bring a review of the literature related to the assessment of fetal macrosomia, especially in women with GDM.

gestational diabetes mellitus ; fetal weight ; ultrasound ; assessment ; macrosomia

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