hrvatski

Simptomi poremećaja hranjenja, obrasci hranjenja i tjelesna aktivnost kod adolescenata u Hrvatskoj

Prevalencija simptoma poremećaja hranjenja (PH) viša je u djevojaka i mladih žena u usporedbi s mladićima, a novija istraživanja pokazuju porast učestalosti simptoma PH i kod adolescenata. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja ispitati simptome PH, obrasce hranjenja, fizičku aktivnost i motive za vježbanje na uzorku hrvatskih adolescenata. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 649 učenika 1. razreda srednjih škola u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji u Hrvatskoj ; 321 djevojka (49.5 %) i 328 mladića (50.5 %), raspona dobi od 14 do 16.5 god. (M = 15.00, SD = 0.32). Ispitanici su tijekom sistematskih zdravstvenih pregleda obavili kratak intervju sa školskim liječnikom, ispunili set upitnika te im je izmjerena visina i težina. Korišteni su: Upitnik za ispitivanje poremećaja hranjenja (EDE-Q), Trofaktorski upitnik obrazaca hranjenja (TFEQ-R18) te skraćeni Upitnik motivacije za vježbanjem (EMI-2). Ispitanici su podijeljeni u dvije skupine s obzirom na broj simptoma PH, korištenjem kritične vrijednosti rezultata na EDE-Q upitniku (0 ili 1 simptom = bez simptoma PH ; 2 ili više simptoma = simptomi PH). Prilikom testiranja razlika između grupa korištena je Bonferroni korekcija, ali je zbog konvencije prikazana uobičajena razina značajnosti. Rezultati pokazuju da ne postoji značajna razlika u broju djevojaka i mladića sa simptomima PH (χ2 = 0.69, p > .05) te da podjednak broj adolescenata sa i bez simptoma PH vježba (χ2 = 0.68, p > .05). Rezultati su također pokazali da ne postoji razlika u indeksu tjelesne mase (t(598) = 0.81) adolescenata sa i bez simptoma PH, no ispitanici sa simptomima PH značajno češće koriste ispitane obrasce hranjenja: nekontrolirano jedenje (t(544.72) = 9.02, p < .01), kognitivno suzdržavanje (t(586) = 3.90, p < .01) i emocionalno jedenje (t(540.21) = 7.05, p < .01). U skupini adolescenata koji vježbaju (N = 350), motivi za vježbanje ne razlikuju se značajno ovisno o simptomima PH. Nadalje, razlika je u broju mladića i djevojaka koji vježbaju značajna (χ2 = 17.93, p < .01) ; vježba više mladića no što smo očekivali i manje djevojaka. Razlike između djevojaka i mladića dobivene su i za obrasce hranjenja: djevojke postižu više rezultate na nekontroliranom jedenju (t(574.06) = 3.21, p < .01) i emocionalnom jedenju (t(497.03) = 6.99, p < .01). Razlike u motivima zbog kojih mladići i djevojke vježbaju nisu dobivene. Rezultati su u skladu s literaturom te pokazuju da su djevojke sklonije emocionalnom i nekontroliranom jedenju u usporedbi s mladićima koji kako bi prevladali negativne emocije češće pribjegavaju drugim strategijama suočavanja poput konzumiranja alkohola ili kockanja. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da rad s adolescentima sa simptomima PH zahtjeva različit pristup u radu s djevojkama i mladićima, ali vodeći računa i o kognitivnim i ponašajnim strategijama hranjenja i kontrole težine koji su važni u održavanju simptoma PH. The prevalence of eating disorder (ED) symptoms is higher in girls and young women in comparison to boys and young men. Recent research indicates an increase in the occurrence of these symptoms in adolescents as well. This study aimed to examine ED symptoms, eating patterns, physical activity, and exercise motives in a sample of Croatian adolescents. A total of 649 first grade high school students from the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in Croatia participated in the study ; 321 girls (49.5%) and 328 boys (50.5%), age 14 to 16.5 years (M = 15.00, SD = 0.32). During the regular health examinations, the students participated in a short interview with their doctor, completed a set of questionnaires, and had their height and weight measured. The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18), and the short Exercise Motivations Inventory-2 (EMI-2) were used. Participants were divided into two groups according to the number of ED symptoms, using the critical value of the results on the EDE-Q questionnaire (0 or 1 symptom = no ED symptoms ; 2 or more symptoms = ED symptoms). When testing the differences between groups, Bonferroni correction was used, nontheless as convention the usual significance levels were used. The results have shown that there is no significant difference in the number of girls and boys with ED symptoms (χ2 = 0.69, p > .05) and that an equal number of adolescents with and without ED symptoms exercise (χ2 = 0.68, p > .05). There was no difference in body mass index (t(598) = 0.81) of adolescents with and without symptoms of ED, but adolescents with ED symptoms adopted more often the following eating patterns: uncontrolled eating (t(544.72) = 9.02, p < .01), cognitive restraint (t(586) = 3.90, p < .01) and emotional eating (t(540.212) = 7.05, p < .01). Amongst those adolescents that exercise (N=350), there are no differences in motives for exercise between those with and without ED symptoms. Furthermore, the difference in the number of boys and girls exercising is significant (χ2 = 17.93, p < .01) ; more boys and fewer girls exercise than we anticipated. Differences between girls and boys were also obtained for eating patterns: girls achieved higher results on uncontrolled (t(574.06) = 3.21, p < .01) and emotional eating (t(497.03) = 6.99, p < .01). Differences in motives for exercising in boys and girls were not obtained. The results are consistent with the literature and show that girls are more prone to emotional and uncontrolled eating compared to boys, who more often turn to other coping strategies such as alcohol consumption or gambling to overcome negative emotions. According to our results, working with adolescents with PH symptoms requires a different approach for girls and boys, but also needs considering cognitive and behavioral eating and weight control strategies that are important in the maintenance of ED symptoms.

simptomi poremećaja hranjenja, motivacija za vježbanje, obrasci hranjenja, indeks tjelesne mase, adolescenti

Sažetak je rada napisan na hrvatskom i engleskom jeziku.