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Early childhood fat tissue changes – future risk for metabolic related diseases: subcutaneous and visceral fat adipose tissue CD163+ cells expression and collagen deposition in young male children

Introduction: Extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for adipogenesis, adipose tissue growth and architecture. ECM processes are deregulated in obesity, related with immune cell accumulation in adipose tissue and impaired metabolic functions. Soluble CD163 is a new macrophage‐specific serum marker elevated in inflammatory and related with obesity and diabetes mellitus II, called obesity-related insulin resistance. The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of collagen deposition and CD163+ cell accumulation in the subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue of young male children. Participants and Methods: This research included 30 young male children, age in range 3.88[3.10-9.71] years, hospitalized for elective abdominal surgery at the Department of Paediatric Surgery of the University Hospital Osijek, divided into two groups depending on their body mass index (BMI) Z-score: normal weight (NW) group, (N=13), and overweight/obese (OO) group, (N=17). SAT and VAT samples were gained during the surgical procedure. Before the beginning of the research, patients’ parent gave written consent. Immunohistochemistry for CD163+ cells was performed and number of positive cells was counted per mm2 of adipose tissue. Histological staining for extracellular components with standard Masson’s trichrome stain method was also performed and histomorphometric analysis was conducted using the free online image analysis program Fiji, a distribution of ImageJ. Results: The male children in the OO group were significantly older (5, 75[3, 65-10, 30] vs. 3, 20[2, 40-4, 25] years ; Mann-Whitney U test, p=0, 025) and of course their anthropometric data showed that they had higher BMI, Z-score, waist and hip circumference. In the OO group of male children there was an increased collagen deposition in SAT compared to NW male children (5, 54[2, 89-8, 66] vs. 3, 89[2, 60- 4, 33] % ; Mann-Whitney U test, p=0, 048). In the same group we observed a larger adipocyte surface area in SAT when comparing with NW children (980, 47[825, 47-1200, 44] vs. 604, 77[526, 61- 746, 29] µm2 ; Mann-Whitney U test, p<0, 001). In VAT more CD163+ cells were counted in the group of OO children (178, 00[146, 00- 189, 00] vs. 93, 00[83, 00-111, 50] ; Mann-Whitney U test, p<0, 001). There was a positive correlation between adipocyte surface area in VAT and the number of CD163+ cells (Spearman’s correlation, r=0, 426, p=0, 019). Conclusion: In healthy male children increased collagen deposition and adipocyte hypertrophy is related to their weight status. Independent of their age, more accumulation of CD163+ cells was observed in VAT of overweight/obese children. Early childhood fat tissue changes can present future adult metabolic-related diseases.

adipose tissue, collagen, adipocytes, adipose tissue remodeling, extracellular matrix , obesity

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