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Application of deep eutectic solvents in the synthesis and extraction of bioactive compounds

In recent years, due to the growing consciousness of environmental issues in different chemical processes, a green chemistry has become a focus of many researchers. The green chemistry aims to design new, environmentally benign chemical processes and synthetic methodologies in order to reduce or eliminate the usage of hazardous and toxic chemicals, with simultaneous maximum efficiency of desired transformations. Due to their unique properties, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a new type of the solvents, which can be used as sustainable, greener and safer alternative to many commercial solvents, making their usage economically and ecologically tenable. In addition, the chemical and physical properties of DESs, as well as the ability to be used for different purposes, depend on the type of the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), making them tunable or designer solvents. Thus, DESs have found many applications, both in research and industry. Due to their desirable properties, DESs are widely used in the synthesis of biologically active heterocycles, both as solvents and catalysts. There are many examples in the synthesis, where DESs have proven to be more efficient compared to the conventional solvents, with less energy consumption, purer products and higher yields. As the application of deep eutectic solvents has expanded to the numerous research areas, they have also proven to be very efficient in the extraction of bioactive components from plant material. Innovative extraction techniques, including DESs, have been developed to overcome the drawbacks of the conventional solvents, while providing a safer alternative and ensuring the environmental protection and sustainability of the process. In the food industry, DESs extractions were applied for isolations of different compounds, as anthocyanins from wine, tocols from crude palm oil, rutin from buckwheat. DESs can also be used for the recovery of the target compounds from different materials such as biomass, food and agro-forest waste, as well as to stabilize the colorants and pretreatment of agro- industrial food waste. Furthermore, many fruit sugar-based deep eutectic solvents were developed and potentially could be used in the processing and separation of food constituents. In pharmaceutical industry, therapeutic deep eutectic solvents were developed (THEDES). THEDESs are mixtures of two components, where one of them is an active pharmaceutical ingredient, such as ibuprofen, benzoic acid and phenylacetic acid. Some researchers used THEDESs based on choline chloride or menthol in order to develop enhanced transporters and delivery vehicles for bioactive molecules. In addition, many pharmaceutical agents can be liquid in the form of eutectic solvents and in this form have the potential to enable more efficient drug delivery system. Therefore, there are many different applications of the DESs in the different branches of research and industry and their potential as a new generation of solvents for everyday use is becoming prominent on a daily basis, as researchers are exploring their properties and new applications in different processes.

deep eutectic solvents ; synthesis ; food ; extraction ; pharmaceutical industry

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