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Monitoring Media Pluralism in the Digital Era: Application of the Media Pluralism Monitor in the European Union, Albania and Turkey in the years 2018-2019

Croatia scores a medium risk for Basic protection (45 percent) and Political independence (58 percent) areas as well as high risk for Social inclusiveness (67 percent) and Market plurality (69 percent) areas. The Basic protection area reflects poor performance in the journalistic profession, standards, and protection indicator as well as in the protection of right to information and freedom of expression indicators. The Political independence area includes high risk indicators for editorial autonomy and independence of PSM governance and funding. The Editorial autonomy indicator has been problematic due to highly inefficient self-regulatory measures, or media statutes, safeguarding political and economic independence. The political interference in the PSM occurs after each parliamentary elections indicating towards the need to change the appointment procedures for key management functions. Social inclusiveness contains high risk indicators in areas of access to media for women, access to media for minorities and media literacy measures. There is under-representation of minorities in relation to their size. In addition, there is under-representation of women in key management positions and in commenting key social issues during central informative broadcasts. Market plurality area scores high risk in the indicators covering online platforms concentration and competition enforcement, news media concentration and owner and commercial influence over editorial content. One of the major issues is the lack of legislation extending towards digital news media and covering horizontal and cross-media concentration issues. The majority of internet users prefers side-door access to online news (59 percent) via social media, search engines and news aggregators (Eurobarometer, 2016). Looking at the online-related risks only, there are major gaps in existing legislation. This is one of the reasons behind medium to high risk scores found across all four domains. The Ministry of Culture announced changes to media legislation and development of an overarching media strategy but no strategies have surfaced until February 2020.

media pluralism, freedom of expression, media regulation

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