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MtDNA-Variabilität beim Noriker und Murinsulaner - Beispiele einer komplexen historischen Entwicklung in der Pferdezucht

Numerous studies on horse mtDNA have confirmed that the development of this domestic species – from the postglacial to modern times – is not linear. The equine haplotype network is characterized by a high degree of variability that corresponds neither with geographic structure, nor with the breed spectrum. In this paper, the tracking of mare families in breeds with deep pedigrees (Noriker, Lipizzaner) shows that there is a substantial loss of maternal diversity on the female side. For broad-based local horse breeds with an autochthonous background, such as the Noriker, 85 % of the maternal lines are lost. In stud farm breeding, with the Lipizzaner as an example, this deficit is 72 %. The cause of this are in no way coincidental, and historical examples show that socioeconomic factors are primarily responsible for the repeatedly successive conversion of the mare’s lines and, thus, the change in haplotype structure. The maternal diversity remaining today (15 – 28 %) represents the pool that should provide conclusion about pre- domesticated haplotype composition of European horses through randomly collected mtDNA samples. The impact that the restructuring of the maternal lines and the loss of maternal genetic diversity have had on the results of mtDNA-based domestication studies of the horse yet to be discussed. One practical example – the revitalization of the Murinsulaner horse – demonstrates that indicators from pedigree analysis and mtDNA analysis can be a valuable tool in designing a preservation breeding programme. The number of horse haplotypes corresponds closely with the genealogical structures and, additionally, population numbers (the proportion of current mare lines to mtDNA haplotypes is between 0.31 and 0.69 ; the average number of mares per family is 7.9 horses). When it is known which mtDNA haplotypes are present in the initial population, the breeding programme can be planned accordingly in order to optimize a breed’s long-term development and preservation.

mtDNA ; haplotype ; Noriker ; Murinsulaner

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