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A Review of Experimental and Analytical Studies on the Out-of-plane Behaviour of Masonry Infilled Frames

This paper presents a literature review of research undertaken on the out-of-plane behaviour of masonry infilled frames. This paper also discusses the effects of bidirectional loads, openings, slenderness, boundary conditions etc. As numerous researchers have reported, these effects play a crucial role in achieving arching action cause, as they can bypass or limit its effectiveness. Namely, arching action leads to additional compressive forces which resist traversal ones. This is confirmed by inertial force methods of testing, while the same cannot be claimed for inter-storey drift or dynamical methods. It is to be acknowledged that most experimental tests were carried out using inertial force methods, mostly with the use of airbags. In contrast, only a few were undertaken with dynamical methods and just two with inter-storey drift methods. It was found that inertial force and inter-storey drift methods differ widely. In particular, inertial force methods damage the infill, leaving the frame more or less intact. Conversely, drift heavily damages the frame, while infill only slightly. Openings were investigated, albeit with contrasting results. Namely, in all cases, it was found that openings do lower the deformational but not all load-bearing capacities. Furthermore, analytical models have shown contrasting results between themselves and with experimental data. Models’ stabilities were checked with single- and multi-variable parametric analysis from which governing factors, influences of frame and other parameters were identified.

Out-Of-Plane Behaviour ; Experimental Studies ; Analytical Studies ; Masonry Infilled Frames ; Experimental Methodologies

The research presented in this article is a part of the research project entitled FRAmed- Masonry composites for Modelling and Standardization (FRAMA) (HRZZ-IP-11-2013-3013), which is supported by Croatian Science Foundation. Additionally, this research was partially supported by joint Croatian- German research project entitled Damage Prognosis for reinforced concrete Frame structures with masonry infill walls under 3D Earthquake action (EFRAIM) approved by Ministry of Science and Education of Republic of Croatia (MZO) and German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).