engleski

Landscape architecture in Croatia 1900-1990

Period between First and Second World War in Croatia was an intense time of forming the profession of landscape architecture. At that time, the profession was called "garden architecture" and, together with horticulture, fell into the field of "ornamental gardening". Namely, by the end of the 19th century the concept of "general gardening" (agricultural production) differs from "ornamental gardening" (space design services). In this sense, Jelachich (1934) divides gardening services to gardening production (which he included in agriculture) and garden design (garden architecture). Gardening production is divided into "luxury" (plant production for aesthetic use) and "economic" (plant production for a utility purpose). The service of designing gardens, parks and other public plantations is part of the practice and is divided into "physical work" (construction and maintaining plantations) and "intellectual work" (design of plantations - garden architecture). The incentives to develop landscape architecture profession in Croatia were multiple. Namely, the growing general economic and professional specialization within the then gardening branches (vegetable growing, horticulture and landscape architecture) required the specialization of education. Moreover, the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy meant the absence of high school and higher education in the field of gardening throughout the territory of the then newly established state (The Kingdom of Serb, Croat and Slovenes). In addition, at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century landscape design projects in practice are mostly carried out by outsiders, trained on foreign studies of landscape architecture. Landscape architecture as a profession at that time in Croatia was neither legally regulated (Jellachich, 1934), but also in the economic sense at the very beginnings of professional development (Jellachich, 1934, Vouk, 1934, Pirnat, 1935). In the 1930s, the first Croatian landscape architects returned to Croatia, who after graduating from the Faculty of Agriculture or the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Zagreb were upgraded to studies or specializations of landscape architecture abroad - Zdravko Arnold (studying in Vienna at the Hochschule für Bodenkultur and finishing specialists studies of gardening and garden art in Paris), Pavao Ungar (studying in Vienna and continuing his studies in gardening and garden architecture in Berlin), Cyril Jeglič (studying in Vienna and then continuing and graduating at the Hochschule für Bodenkultur in Berlin), Ciril Jeglič (studying in Vienna at the Hochschule für Bodenkultur and graduating in Berlin) and Smiljan Klaić (graduated in Berlin - Friedrich Wilhelm University, Institute of Fur Garten and Landschafts-Gestaltung). With their engagement begins the first progressive ideas about organizing the profession and education of landscape architects in Croatia. In that sense, before Second World War, Horticultural Society in Zagreb (1933) was founded in Croatia and it was representing both branches, "ornamental gardening" - horticulture and landscaping architecture. The spectrum of the society’s activity was wide, so the society launched a professional journal "Naš vrt", and it promotes the profession in the public (professional lectures for wide audience and radio broadcasting), organizes professional excursions abroad, participates through its representatives at foreign exhibitions and congresses (e.g. 1934 V.triennale di Milano – Mostra internazionale di floricoltura e giardinaggio ; 1937 The International Congress of Garden Architects in Paris, attended by representatives of Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States). The society’s special merit was to encourage the development of high school and higher education. With the engagement of that society, the first courses began with a variety of programs for amateurs and also for professionals. Within this, the first lectures started from the field of garden architecture - "Garden Design", "Garden Constriction", "Practical Geometry and Drawing Plans", "Public Plantations and Parks", "History of Garden Art", "Small Family Gardens", "Public Gardens and their Significance". The maintaining of professional courses was considered only a temporary solution until the establishment of secondary and higher gardening schools. The first gardening school program in Croatia was compiled by Horticultural Society in Zagreb in 1934. with particular emphasis on how the education needs to be upgraded "... especially in the aesthetic and artistic direction" (Vouk, 1934), and why it is necessary for such schools to "...specialists lecture courses in natural sciences, agriculture and architecture ..." (Vouk, 1934c). This idea of interdisciplinarity within the education program, a thought that has until today been preserved within the study of landscape architecture in Croatia. In this sense, high school and higher education of landscape architects in Croatia had to be developed, but war events during the Second World War delay these processes for many years. The idea of study interdisciplinarity was first realized only in 1968. when an interfaculty postgraduate study entitled "Landscape design" was established at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb. Namely, because of the complexity of study material, the organization of a comprehensive study of landscape architecture should unified the segments of biotechnical, technical and artistic areas. This included a joint study at the Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Architecture as part of the University of Zagreb. The proposal for the program of the studies was established by Milan Anić (Faculty of Forestry), Bruno Milić (Faculty of Architecture), Elza Polak (Faculty of Agriculture) and Pavao Ungar (Republic Department for Urban-Housing and Communal Affairs in Zagreb) and Ciril Jeglić and Dušan Ogrin (Faculty of Biotechnology in Ljubljana). This study encompassed and integrated bio- technical and technical disciplines with arts, design and planning disciplines. (Milić, 1976), the study was lectured by professors from all four faculties and the study was periodically held from 1968 to 1985. In this interdisciplinary study, for the first time, a clear distinction has been made and separation of the study program of landscape architecture from gardening or horticulture programs. The first college graduate study of landscape architecture was founded in 1996 at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb. Study program was compiled by B. Aničić, S. Jurković, M. Obad Ščitaroci and L. Sošić and first director of the landscape architecture study was B. Aničić, the winner of the ECLAS Life Achievement Award in 2018. Interdisciplinarity as an imperative for the education of landscape architects in Croatia is also visible today when in the organization of the Study of Landscape Architecture at the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Zagreb participates six different faculties and whose curriculum contains an interdisciplinary set of knowledge in which their affiliation lies in biotechnical, technical, natural, social, humanistic and interdisciplinary sciences. Along with the Faculty of Agriculture where the main study is held, since its inception other faculties has been involved in its work ; the Faculty of Architecture, Faculty of Philosophy, Faculty of Geodesy, Faculty of Science and Faculty of Forestry.

Education, interdisciplinary, landscape architecture

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