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Functional interpretation of Anisakis pegreffii infective third stage larvae transcriptomes in accidental and paratenic hosts

Introduction: Anisakis spp. are marine nematodes which can cause zoonotic infection in humans if accidentally ingested alive in raw/undercooked fish or cephalopod meat. The aim of this study was to explore the transcriptomes of Anisakis pegreffii L3 larvae in two remarkably different infection systems, an evolutionary familiar and unfamiliar host. Methodology: Experimental infection was performed on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) (N = 24, sampling 4, 6, 10, and 12 h post-infection), representing a typical paratenic host, and Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 35, sampling 6, 10, 18, 24, and 32 h post-infection), representing a mammalian “novel-host” model, simulating accidental human infection. Larvae were collected while penetrating various host tissues in active migration or in passive transport through gastrointestinal tract. Samples of extracted RNA from larvae collected from both hosts were paired-end sequenced using Illumina NextSeq 500. Results: In total, there were 132 (69 up and 63 down) differentially expressed (DE) transcripts in migrating compared to non-migrating A. pegreffii larvae in sea bass, out of which 110 had logFC > |1|. Biologically significant DE transcripts were included in carbohydrate transport and metabolism, translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, cell cycle control, cell division energy production and conversion, to name a few. In rats, there were 2799 (1606 up and 1193 down) DE transcripts in migrating compared to non-migrating A. pegreffii larvae, out of which 814 had logFC > |1|. In addition to cell cycle control, cell division, energy production and conversion, which were mentioned in larvae from sea bass, biologically significant DE transcripts in larvae from rats were also included in intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport, secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism. Conclusion: Studies of transcriptomes of parasites give insights into aspects of gene expression, regulation and function and they represent a significant step in understanding parasites’ biology and interactions with their hosts and disease. Use of transcriptomics to reveal mechanisms of interactions of Anisakis and its paratenic and accidental host is applied for the first time in this study.

transcriptomics, RNA-Seq, anisakiasis, experimental infection

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