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Degradation of lignocellulose-containing raw materials by fungal enzymes

Biological degradation of lignocellulose-containing raw materials employs fungi, mainly belonging to the group of white-rot and brown-rot basidiomycetes, which express a broad spectrum of enzymes. This requires long application periods with the rate of fungal degradation that is too low for industrial use and consumes a fraction of the plant polysaccharides [1]. More convenient than fungal is enzymatic degradation, which is very selective and fast but expensive at a large scale. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose content of lignocellulosic biomass to their monomeric sugars suitable in the production of bioethanol and other value-added biochemicals has been interfered in many ways and is a key step in the production of bioethanol. The hydrolysis mostly requires multiple enzymes with different abilities to degrade the complex lignocellulosic structure [2-4]. Specifically, a synergetic action of enzymes - cellulases, hemicellulases, lignases (ligninolytic enzymes) and most recently LPMO (lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase enzyme), is required for an effective deconstruction activity [5]. The goal of enzymatic hydrolysis is to depolymerize the polysaccharides in the water-insoluble solid fraction that remains after pretreatment. However, for the industrial utilization of the fungi and their enzymes more collaborative effort and synergy has to be attained between molecular and genetic biotechnologies, enzymologist, and bioprocess engineers. The aim of this study was to present current knowledge of the fungi involved in lignocellulose degradation with an overview of the various classes of lignocellulose-acting enzymes engaged in the pretreatment and saccharification step.

lignocellulose degradation, fungal enzymes, synergistic activity, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase enzymes

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