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Identification of headspace compounds, volatiles, fatty acid content and antifungal activity of the extracts of macroalga Codium bursa

Belonging to the family Codiaceae and to the phylum Chlorophyta, the green macroalga Codium bursa is considered to be a valuable source of compounds with various bioactivity. This study aimed to investigate its phytochemical composition and antifungal activity compared to the most common mycotoxigenic fungi, such as the Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides, Penicillium expansum. Codium bursa (Olivi) C. Agardh was collected in May 2018 from the Adriatic Sea and was subsequently air‐ and freeze‐dried until analysis. The headspace compounds were extracted by a headspace solid‐ phase microextraction (HS‐SPME), while the volatiles were extracted by hydrodistillation (HD) and a supercritical CO2 extraction (SC‐ CO2), followed by gas chromatography and a mass spectrometry analysis (GC‐MS). A fatty acid content was determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) subsequent to a derivatization as methyl esters. The results demonstrated that a chemical composition of both headspace compounds and volatiles was remarkably different, depending on a drying process and a method used for extraction. Dimethyl sulphide was a major compound found in the headspace of a fresh C. bursa, while in an air‐dried C. bursa it was present as a minor constituent. In the distillate of a fresh C. bursa, heptadecane and docosane were found as the major compounds, while (E)‐phytol was a predominant compound found in the distillate of an air‐dried C. bursa, as well as in a SC‐CO2 extract of a freeze‐dried C. bursa. The presence of loliolide was determined only in a SC-CO2 extract. Hence, the palmitic acid (25.4%) was found as a dominant fatty acid, followed by the oleic (36.5%), linoleic (11.6%), and stearic acid (9.0%). A DMSO extract of a freeze‐dried C. bursa produced a good antifungal effect against the fruit‐associated storage fungi Penicillium expansum. This alga can be of a great interest for future investigations considering its phytochemical profile.

Codium bursa ; extraction ; volatiles ; fatty acids ; antifungal activity

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